Rangkuman Bahasa Inggris Semester 2

1. BAB II (DESCRIPTIVE)

v Speaking

1. Expressing and Asking about Surprise or Amazement

When we see surprise or amazement something, we usually expressing that, and we also asking the surprise or amazement that when we don’t understand.

Asking Surprise or Amazement	Expressing Surprise or Amazement
Do you know what ?	Incredible !
Is this a surprise/amazing?	What a surprise !
Can you believe it ?	Amazing !
Isn’t this incredible ?	Oh ! wow !
What’s so surprising ?	Huh ?? What ??
What’s so surprising ?	I’m really surprise/amazed at
Are you amazed ?	That’s unbelieveable ! Etc

v Reading

A.Descriptive text

• Purpose                        :  to describe a paricular person, place, or thing.
• Text organization           :

Identification         :  identifies phenomenon to be decribed (mention the special participant)

Description  :  describes parts, qualities, characteristics

• Languange features                :

The use of adjectives and compound adjectives.

The use of relating verb.

The use of siple present tense.

The use of degree of comparison.

The use of attributive and identifying process.

Focus on specifies participans

• Example Descriptive Text       :

The Elephant

The African Elephant is described as the Loxodonta africana of Africa. They are very large, grey, four-legged herbivorous mammals. They have almost hairless skin, a distinctive long, flexible, prehensile trunk. Its upper incisors form long curved tusks of ivory. African elephants have large fan-shaped ears and two “fingers” at the tip of its trunk, compared to only one in the Asian species. Furthermore, the Indian Elephant is described as Elephas maximus of south-central Asia. The ears of Indian elephants are significantly smaller than African elephants.

Elephants are herbivores and eat all types of vegetation such as grasses, leaves, fruits, and bark. The facts tell that despite the size of ears the elephant’s hearing is poor, because elephants ears are used to aid ventilation. One of the softest parts of their body is at the back of the ears, which is called the knuckle. In a zoo, elephant trainers, called Mahouts, use their feet to steer or give commands to the animal via the knuckle at the back of the ears. 

Some other facts about the elephants are : The elephant is the largest of all land mammals; Life Span – elephants can live for up to 70 years; Elephants normally walk about 4 mph; Elephants are able to swim for long distances; Elephants spend about 16 hours a day eating; They consume as much as 495 pounds of food per day; They live in tight social units led by an older matriarch; Males leave the herd between the ages of 12 and 15; Their tusks are of ivory and are actually enormously enlarged incisors; The elephant’s eyes are small and its eyesight is poor, They have the largest brains in the animal kingdom.

v Writing

1. Personal Letter

Example          ;

1. The Simple Present Tense

We use the present simple to tak about :

Personal information :

–          I school in SMAN 1 Waru.

General statements of truth :

–          The sunset in the west.

Permanent situation :

–          Water boils at 100⁰ Celsius.

Routines and habits :

–          My family usually visit my grand mother at feast day.

Fixed times and schedules :

–    Spongebob movie starts at seven o’clock.

1. Details of fixed future plans :are talking about. Ex :

• The tower itself is very tall, but very clean.
• I myself have never traveled to Semarang.

1. We can also use reflexive pronoun to emphasize that something was done without help from anybody else.

• Nesya wrote the novel herself.
• He plans with the car himself.

1. We can use by + reflexive pronoun to show that somebody is on their own (alone).

• The cat found its way home by itself.
• My aunt, although she is rather rich prefers to live by herself.

D. Describing Things

When describing the things we see, we wil see descriptive adjectives. We use them to describe condition of a noun. The usually, come before the nouns or after certain verb. Let’s have a ook at the folowing table.

Description	Size	Age	Temperature	Shape	Colour	Classifying	Head/noun
a.Excellent	Huge	Young				English	Student
b.Beatiful	Tall	New	Hot	Circular	Red	Javanese	Apple
c. Expensive	Big	Old	Cold			Mountain	River

1. Phrase Formation

There are four kinds of phrases to be functioned in the sentence.

1)    Noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as the head, added with some adjectives as the modifiers. Example :

ü  Long snake.

ü  Cold weather.

ü  Short hair.

2)    Verb phrase is a phrase with a verb as a head, added with one or two words as the modifiers. Example :

ü  Is not painted.

ü  Really like.

ü  Is located.

3)    Adverbial phrase is a phrase with preposition as the head, which is then followed by another phrase showing place, time, purpose, etc. Example :

ü  To hear the sound of the following water.

ü  About 30 kilometers east of the villa .

ü  Down to small  lake.

4)    Adjective phrase is a phrase with adjective as the head, functioning to complete the predicate that takes the form of “be”. Example :

ü  Always diligent.

ü  Always nice.

ü  Very good for health

1. BAB III (NEWS ITEM)

v Speaking

1. Inviting someone to come your house for …(informal)

Wanna come over for party tonight?

Wanna pop over for a quick party?

How about coming over for party tonight?

Care to come over for party tonigh ?

1. Inviting someone to come your house for …(formal)

Would you like to come over for party tonight?

Would you care to join us for party at our house tonight?

I was just wondering if you would like to come over for party tonight.

Please come over for party tonight.

We’d be delighted to have you over for party tonight.

1. Accepting an Invitation (informal)

Sure. What time?

Why not? When do you want me to be there?

Sure. When should I be there?

Yes! Want me to bring something?

I’d love to. I’ll bring dessert.

1. Accepting an Invitation (more formal)

Thank you! I’d love to. Would you like me to bring anything?

Thank you very much! I’d be delighted to. What time should I be there?

Oh, certainly1! Thankl you. Do I need to bring anything?

1. Declining an Invitation (informal)

I can’t. I have to work.

Tonight’s no good. I have an appointment.

I’m busy tonight. Can I take a raincheck on that?

(*raincheck : if someone invites you to dinner on a night that you are busy, you can say, “can I take a raincheck?” this means that you hope they will invite you again on another night.)

1. Declining an Invitation (more formal)

I’d love to., but I’m afraid I’m busy tonight.

I’d love to, but I already have plans tonight.

v Reading

1. News Item

• Purpose              :   to inform readers, listenes, or viewers about events of the day which are considered news worthy or important.
• Text Organization         :

News worthy Events        :  tells the events in a summary form.

Background Events         :  elaborate what happened, explains, what caused the incident.

Sources                           :  comments by participant in, witnesses to and authories expert on the event.

• Languange Features     :

The use of action verbs.

The use of saying verbs.

The use of passive sentences.

The use of adverbs in passive sentences.

Focus on circumstance.

Short, telegraphic, information about story captured in headine.

Use of material processes to retell the event.

• Example News Item      :

News Item

Aceh – Hundreds of homes in the three sub-districts in North Aceh district, Aceh (NAD) is currently flooded. However, until now residents are not displaced, still survive.

Floods were caused by high rainfall in inland areas and the overflow of Krueng Keurutoe Gayo, Thursday (04/19/2012) afternoon until evening.

Gather information on the AFP, flooded hundreds of homes that were located in three districts in North Aceh, the district that includes the village of Tanjong Matangkuli, Meuria, West Tempok, Alue Thoe, Lawang, and Hagu village. Alue Thoe.While the district Pirak Timu, floods hit the village of Tanjong Serkuy, Meunasah Krueng, Rayek Pange, Pange, Bungong, Gelumpang, and Hasan Krung Kreh.While in the District Lhoksukon, floods inundate the fish market complex and several houses in the village of Kampung Baru and Dayah. PMI branch chairman, Usmanur, admitted that the three districts is a subscription area flood victims. “Until this evening the water level remained 50 cm, but if it rains in the mountainous highlands, water will continue to grow, residents likely to be displaced,” said Usmanur when hubunggi AFP.

Menuru Usmanur, floods also inundated some schools have an impact, such as in MTsN Matang Kuli. But flooding is not to interfere with the teaching and learning. “The flood is merely the school yard and have not entered into the study,” said Usmanur.

Citizens expect the government to take immediate North Aceh dam to flood the end of the year when the rainy season. Until tonight, people still continue to keep vigil at his house each follow-up to the threat of flooding that may occur in the region.

Writing

1. Invitation Letter

Here are writing plan for invitation letter :

Greeting :

–          Dear ….

Opening paragraph (say why you are writing)

Main part (describe what you are going to do)

Closing paragraph (restate your invitation and ask for reply)

Signature endings :

–          Best,

–          Love,

–          All my love,

–          Best wishes,

Example Invitation letter :

Dear Rismada,

Hi my best friend, what are you doing right now ? Keep busy, right ? I write the letter because i miss you so much friend and i want invite you to come in my house at 1st June.

Hm, i want visit to your house friend at long holiday. I want know your new house and i want also meet your friend. But, before i want invite you to my house at 1st June. Can you remember it ? i hope you remember. Come in my house at 7p.m. i hope you can come. And you can meet Amaliya, Cristiani, and friends at junior high school.

I hope you can reply friend, i always wait your reply…..

Best,

Yayuk sayyidatul H

1. Adjective Clause

An adjective clause modifies a noun. It describes or gives information about a noun  WHO refers to a person. Ex :

The girl is my sister.

She is talking with Rianty.

–          The girl who is talking with Riyanty is my sister.

WHOM  is used as the direct or indirect object of a verb. Ex :

The man is very famous actor.

You have just helped me.

–          The man whom you have just helped me is very famous actor.

WHICH refers to thing. Ex :

The box was very beautiful.

She put in the crown.

–          The box which she put in the  crown was very beautiful.

WHOSE shows possessions. Ex :

I know the girl.

His sister is a singer.

–          I know the boy whose sister is a singer.

1. Present Perfect Continous Tense

We form the present perfect continous tense with have (has) been and the present participle of the main verb.

S   +   has / have been   +   V.ing

Examples :

Singular subject

à    I have been studying.

à    You have been playing.

à    He has been sleeping.

à    She has been reading magazine.

à    It has been working.

Plural subject

à    We have been waiting.

à    You have been listening.

à    They have been wandering.

The present perfect continous tense describe an action that began in the past and has continued up the present. In many cases it can be used interchangeably with the present perfect tense. Beside, both of them use time marker since and for. Examples :

à    They have been living here for five years   (present perfect continous tense)

à    They have lived here for five years            (present perfect tense)

à    I have been studying english since three years ago       (present perfect continous tense)

à    I have studied english since three years ago       (present perfect tense)

Some form of present perfect continous tense :

Positive sentence                  (+) Ristyan has been studying for three hours.

Negative sentence                 (-)  Ristyan has not been studying for three hours.

Interrogative sentence (?) Has Ristyan been studying for three hours ?

If we want to know the duration of the activity, we can use the following form :

How long   +   have/has   +  been   +   V.ing

Example :

–          We have been talking for more than an hour.

–          We have not been talking for more than an hour.

–          Have we been talking for more than an hour ?